LDL Oxidation: Occurs as LDL cholesterol particles react with free radicals. The resulting particles can cause inflammation in the arteries,  leading to plaque formation.

Platelet Function: Refers to the ease with which blood platelets slide past each other. When they can’t slide easily, unwanted clotting can result.

Endothelial Function: Refers to the endothelium—a thin layer of cells that covers the inner surface of blood vessels, which contract or relax to regulate blood pressure and the flow of blood.

Blood Pressure: The pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of veins and arteries. The greater the pressure, the harder the heart has to work–arteries can then become prone to injury.

Cholesterol: A waxy substance that can cause serious problems when oxidised by free radicals. Inflammation within the blood vessel wall causes cholesterol to accumulate in the bloodstream, which can lead to clotting.

Triglycerides: A type of fat stored for future energy needs. Elevated levels in the blood can be a serious risk and are one indicator of cardiovascular disease.

Inflammation: Inflammation is part of your body’s immune response. Build-up of cholesterol and other substances in your arteries can set off an inflammatory response. For short-term conditions, inflammation is helpful, but sustained inflammation can increase blood pressure, and promote the growth of plaque, and trigger blood clots.

Glycated Haemoglobin/AGEs (HbA1C): Recent studies have shown a significant relationship between increased HbA1c levels and cardiovascular disease. In fact, some studies show that those with diabetes are twice as likely to have heart disease or a stroke.